Previous studies have mainly examined the ionospheric effects of intense M- and X-class solar flares, while the influence of weaker B-class and sub-B-class nanoflares remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates changes in electron density within the ionospheric D-region during nanoflares occurring near the maximum of Solar Cycle 25. Solar X-ray flux was obtained from GOES satellite observations, while electron density was estimated through mathematical modelling that considered X-ray intensity, solar zenith angle, atmospheric composition, ionization, and recombination processes. Statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship between X-ray intensity and D-region electron density, with a coefficient of determination of approximately \(R^{2}=0.97\). The results show that even weak B-class nanoflares can produce measurable ionospheric disturbances and increase electron concentration. The cumulative influence of repeated nanoflares may also contribute to ionospheric variability. These findings improve understanding of weak solar events and may support more accurate ionospheric, communication, and navigation models.
Previous studies have mainly examined the ionospheric effects of intense M- and X-class solar flares, while the influence of weaker B-class and sub-B-class nanoflares remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates changes in electron density within the ionospheric D-region during nanoflares occurring near the maximum of Solar Cycle 25. Solar X-ray flux was obtained from GOES satellite observations, while electron density was estimated through mathematical modelling that considered X-ray intensity, solar zenith angle, atmospheric composition, ionization, and recombination processes. Statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship between X-ray intensity and D-region electron density, with a coefficient of determination of approximately \(R^{2}=0.97\). The results show that even weak B-class nanoflares can produce measurable ionospheric disturbances and increase electron concentration. The cumulative influence of repeated nanoflares may also contribute to ionospheric variability. These findings improve understanding of weak solar events and may support more accurate ionospheric, communication, and navigation models.
